Algorithmic targeting in the Iranian–Israeli confrontation: Technical realities, legal thresholds, and the boundaries of human control

<ns3:p>Background The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in military targeting systems represents one of the most significant technological shifts in modern warfare, fundamentally altering the speed, precision, and scale of military operations. In the context of the Iranian-Israeli conflict, both nations have emerged as early adopters of AI-enhanced military technologies, albeit through markedly different strategic approaches and technological implementations. Method This study employs a mixed-method analytical approach that combines technical system assessment, comparative case study analysis, and evaluation of the international legal framework. Data collection utilized cross-checking methodology across multiple source types, including investigative journalism, open-source intelligence (OSINT) platforms, military data, and peer-reviewed studies to address three core research questions regarding technical architecture differences, operational effectiveness metrics, and compliance with International Humanitarian Law. Results The analysis reveals substantial differences in both approach and capability. Israeli systems exhibit advanced data integration and surveillance architectures, emphasizing precision and human machine collaboration through platforms such as the Iron Dome, Lavender, and various targeting support technologies. In contrast, Iranian systems prioritize cost-effectiveness and asymmetric capabilities, focusing on autonomous drone operations and cyber warfare integration, albeit with limited independently verified performance metrics. Notable divergences exist in operational doctrine, human oversight mechanisms, and legal compliance frameworks. While field results reveal that the use of artificial intelligence technologies in warfare must be subject to international law to avoid significant civilian casualties. Conclusion While both countries have incorporated AI technologies into military operations, critical gaps in international governance underscore the urgent need for robust regulatory mechanisms to oversee autonomous weapon systems. These findings contribute to academic understanding of military AI implementation patterns and inform policy debates on the ethical and legal dimensions of algorithmic warfare</ns3:p>