Modular IoT Hydroponics System

Hydroponics offers a promising alternative to soil-based agriculture, enabling higher yields, resource efficiency, and improved crop quality. This study compares traditional hydroponic setups with systems enhanced through the Internet of Things (IoT) framework using the Nutrient Film Technique and a proportional–integral controller, focusing on growth performance and environmental control. Systems incorporating Internet of Things technology achieved a growth rate of 0.94 cm/day versus 0.16 cm/day for conventional setups, due to precise water temperature control, optimized lighting, data acquisition, targeted nutrients, and reduced pest incidence. The integration of Industry 4.0 principles further enhances sustainable production and resource management. Statistical validation under diverse conditions is recommended. Future work will add environmental sensors, refine mechanical design, and explore machine learning for adaptive control, highlighting the potential of Internet of Things–based hydroponics to transform agriculture through intelligent, efficient, and eco-friendly cultivation.