Next-generation underwater localization: Artificial Intelligence-based and energy-aware approaches

Designing accurate, reliable, and energy-efficient localization techniques for underwater acoustic networks is highly challenging due to factors such as large propagation delays, the absence of Global Positioning System (GPS), node mobility, and limited acoustic link capacity. In any underwater sensor network (UWSN) monitoring application, data collected by underwater nodes becomes more meaningful when accompanied by location information. However, traditional localization methods often rely on geometric models and statistical filters that are highly sensitive to sensor noise and communication constraints. Energy consumption is another primary concern in UWSNs, not only because replacing and recharging underwater batteries are challenging, but also due to the energy-hungry nature of underwater acoustic communications. To address these challenges, we provide a comprehensive literature review of research contributions on the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and energy efficiency in underwater localization techniques. First, we introduce the recent advancements in AI-based approaches, including deep learning and machine learning models, which are promising for enhancing accuracy, robustness, and adaptability in complex underwater environments through learning-driven techniques. Subsequently, we review various energy-saving strategies integrated into the localization scheme to address the power constraints of underwater sensor nodes. Finally, we discuss future research directions and conclude with key insights. • Demonstrate the potential of AI-based localization algorithms. • Discuss the energy-efficient underwater localization techniques derived from range-based methodologies. • Propose potential future research direction and include insights from previous studies.