An Investigation of the Modulating Effects of Sensory Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Memory-Related Brain Activity

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: As the global population ages, the prevalence of disorders associated with memory dysfunction (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) continues to increase. There is a need for novel interventions that can enhance memory and support affected individuals. Non-invasive brain stimulation provides a promising approach to engage circuits within the hippocampal network, a group of brain regions critical for episodic memory, and thereby improve cognition. <b>Methods</b>: Twenty healthy participants completed a single-blind, within-subject crossover study over four sessions. In each session, they received one of four interventions whilst viewing pictures of real-world objects: 40 Hz synchronised audiovisual stimulation (AVS), theta burst stimulation (TBS), a combination of synchronised 5 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with AVS (rTMS + AVS), or sham rTMS. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded to measure associated brain activity changes. Following each intervention, participants completed a recognition memory task. <b>Results</b>: Mixed-effect repeated measure models (MRMMs) revealed no significant differences in recognition memory performance or theta (5 Hz) activity across conditions. However, both TBS and rTMS + AVS significantly increased gamma (40 Hz) activity compared to sham rTMS, and TBS induced a widespread increase in theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling during picture viewing. <b>Conclusions</b>: While the neuromodulatory interventions did not enhance memory performance, the observed increase in gamma activity, particularly following rTMS-based stimulation, suggests potential engagement of neural processes associated with memory. These findings warrant further investigation into the role of gamma oscillations in memory and cognitive enhancement.