NANOSPONGES AS A REVOLUTIORNARY PLATFORM IN DELIVERY OF DRUGS

Nano-sponges have emerged as a cutting-edge class of nano-carriers that hold the potential to revolutionize traditional drug delivery methods. These nanoscale systems are distinguished by their porous, sponge-like architecture and extensive surface area, typically achieved by cross- linking Cyclodextrin or other environmentally friendly polymers with appropriate cross-linking agents. Their versatile structure allows for the incorporation of a broad spectrum of therapeutic agents, including both water-soluble and insoluble compounds, thereby significantly improving drug solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficiency. Their structural versatility makes nanosponges highly adaptable, enabling modifications that can control drug release rates, improve surface properties, and introduce site-specific targeting features. Different fabrication techniques such as solvent evaporation, ultrasonic-assisted methods, and emulsion solvent diffusion can be used to fine-tune particle size, porosity, and drug loading capacity. The mechanisms by which nanosponges capture drugs include entrapment within internal cavities, surface adsorption, and the formation of inclusion complexes. Upon administration, they can deliver medications in a controlled, sustained, or stimulus-responsive manner, enhancing therapeutic outcomes while reducing potential side effects. Nanosponges have demonstrated exceptional promise in various therapeutic fields, including oncology, infectious disease treatment, dermal and transdermal delivery, and formulations for poorly soluble drugs. Recently, the incorporation of herbal and plant-based bio actives into nanosponge systems has gained momentum, offering a novel approach to overcome the stability and bioavailability challenges associated with many phytochemicals. This review explores the fundamental aspects of nanosponge design, synthesis techniques, drug loading and release mechanisms, as well as their broad spectrum of biomedical applications. It also examines safety profiles, biocompatibility, and the evolving regulatory landscape. Together, these attributes establish nanosponges as a highly promising platform in the development of next-generation drug delivery systems aimed at addressing both current limitations and future clinical challenges.