A System Dynamics Model of 5G Low-Band Spectrum Management

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication system represents a major advancement in wireless technology, relying on effective radio spectrum management to ensure optimal performance. Among the available frequency ranges, the 5G low-band spectrum provides extensive coverage but limited capacity, making its efficient management a critical challenge. This study presents a predictive model based on the system dynamics approach to analyze the management of the 5G low-band spectrum. The model captures the interrelationships between technical and economic variables that influence spectrum allocation and service adoption over time. Three simulation scenarios—low, medium, and high allocation rates—were developed to examine allocation patterns and their effects on 5G service diffusion. The results revealed that spectrum management in 5G exhibits goal-seeking behavior constrained by spectrum scarcity, with service adoption showing a growth-to-saturation pattern. The findings demonstrate that appropriate low-band spectrum management can significantly enhance 5G deployment efficiency. The proposed model serves as a decision-support tool for policymakers and regulators, enabling evaluation of alternative management strategies prior to policy implementation and promoting evidence-based decision-making in future 5G spectrum policies.