Biogenic Synthesis of NiO Nanoparticles Using Fruit Waste: Modern Insights and Perspectives

Abstract: Nanotechnology is driving revolutionary changes across numerous fields, includ-ing physics, medicine, and energy. A more effective approach is needed for managing bio-degradable waste compared to the current inorganic methods. Organic waste, such as water-melon peel, can be sustainably used to produce nanoparticles. Biodegradable waste benefits society through its natural decomposition processes. Recently, nanoparticles have attracted significant attention due to their unique chemical, physical, and biological properties, as well as their diverse applications across various scientific disciplines. Most conventional methods for synthesizing nanoparticles involve hazardous chemicals or are costly. However, NiO nanoparticles (NiO-NPs), derived from various biological sources, are inexpensive, durable, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly due to their easy availability. These nanoparticles exhibit a range of biochemical activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anti-larvicidal effects. This re-view discusses different green synthesis methods for NiO-NPs and recent findings regarding their therapeutic applications. Additionally, this study highlights future opportunities for de-veloping green NiO-NPs as effective therapeutic agents.