Menstruation: inflammation drives repair

Menstruation is one of the most intricate and essential processes in all physiology. It is controlled by a range of hormonal cues and inflammatory responses which coordinate to bring about shedding of the uterine lining. While often perceived negatively, inflammation plays a crucial homeostatic role in menstruation. It facilitates the effective breakdown and removal of endometrial tissue while protecting against infection. Importantly, inflammation also triggers remodelling of the uterine lining, facilitating the repair necessary for the next menstrual cycle. How such an extensive inflammatory response can be endured without tissue damage is the topic of ongoing research. Recent evidence suggests that extensive inflammation is required for repair and that immune cells are uniquely adapted by the uterus to support rapid, scarless healing.