Bio-Based Plaster Composites Reinforced with <i>Typha Angustifolia</i> Fibers: Mechanical and Thermal Behavior for Energy-Efficient Building Envelopes

This study presents the development of sustainable plaster-based composite materials reinforced with Typha angustifolia fibers (TAF), aiming to improve thermal insulation and mechanical performance for lightweight wall systems in hot-arid climates. TAF is a regionally abundant wetland plant in Algeria, characterized by low density and high cellulose content, making it a promising natural reinforcement. Composites were prepared by partially replacing sand with 0–2% TAF by weight. Experimental results revealed that TAF incorporation reduced dry density and thermal conductivity, enhancing insulation properties while moderately decreasing compressive strength. Despite this reduction, the composites maintained adequate structural integrity for use in non-load-bearing walls and building partitions. Thermal simulations comparing TAF-based wall assemblies with conventional hollow concrete block systems under the climatic conditions of M’sila, Algeria, demonstrated improved thermal inertia, reduced heat flux, and more stable indoor temperatures. Annual energy analysis showed a relative improvement (reduction) of 21.1% in overall energy performance. These findings suggest that Typha-reinforced plaster composites can serve as effective bio-based building materials, supporting sustainable design and construction in arid and semi-arid environments.