A critical review of plantain agricultural waste valorization for energy and sustainability applications

Global plantain production generates approximately 880 million tons of agricultural waste annually, primarily from pseudostems, peels, and leaves, posing significant environmental risks through uncontrolled decomposition and greenhouse gas emissions. This review presents a comprehensive strategy to valorize plantain residues into value-added products, addressing both sustainability and circular economy goals. Through elemental, proximate, and phytochemical analyses, plantain waste demonstrates rich compositional diversity: high carbohydrates, minerals, proteins, and bioactive compounds suitable for biofuels, biopolymers, and nutraceuticals. Bioethanol production via hydrolysis/fermentation achieves yields up to 58.6 ml/L sample, while plantain peel ash catalyzes biodiesel synthesis up to 99.2% w/w. Biogas co-digestion with manure enhances methane output (≥ 45%). Beyond energy, plantain starch derivatives form pH-sensitive films with elastic modulus up to 12.38 MPa; and biodegradable composites reinforced with pseudostem fibers with tensile strength up to 401.84 MPa, rivaling traditional materials. Antioxidant-rich peels (242–619 µg flavonols/g) and antimicrobial extracts further enable pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Despite technical challenges, lignocellulosic recalcitrance, scalability, and economic feasibility, this work underscores the transformative potential of plantain waste in decarbonizing agriculture, industry, and energy sectors. Strategic integration of biotechnological advances, policy incentives, and circular models can mitigate greengouse gases emissions, reduce fossil dependency, and empower rural economies in major producing regions (Africa, Latin America). By bridging gaps between research and implementation, plantain residues emerge as a cornerstone of sustainable development, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals 7, 9, and 12.