Quantum resilient security framework for privacy preserving AI in Apple MM1 on device architecture
The emergence of multi-modal models such as Apple’s MM1 signifies a transition towards on-device artificial intelligence, diminishing dependence on cloud inference. However, quantum developments render classical cryptography vulnerable to data breach. We present QSAFE-MM1, a quantum-resilient security architecture that incorporates Federated Learning (FL), Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), and lattice-based cryptography to enhance MM1’s security. Federated Learning (FL) facilitates decentralised training without the transmission of raw data, so safeguarding user privacy and attaining 94% processing efficiency, 1020 J energy consumption, 7% per hour battery depletion, and a thermal increase of + 4 °C. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) facilitates encrypted inference, preventing data breaches while processing; yet, it results in an 81% efficiency reduction, consumes 1600 J, causes a 13% per hour energy drain, and increases temperature by 7 °C. The complete QSAFE-MM1 stack (FL + FHE + DP) achieves 79% efficiency, with 1700 J, 14%/hr, and + 8 °C, indicating secure-performance trade-offs. Quantum resistance is attained by NIST-compliant lattice-based methods that are impervious to Shor’s algorithm, and asymmetric masking eliminates personally identifiable information during training. Empirical assessment verifies that QSAFE-MM1 maintains model accuracy (± 1.2% variance) and latency (< 9% overhead) while ensuring post-quantum security. QSAFE-MM1 establishes a new standard for mobile AI security, harmonising quantum safety, user privacy, and performance under strict resource limitations, thereby presenting MM1 as a frontrunner in secure, on-device intelligence.
Authors
- Miao Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-5986)
- Yuhong Zhang
- Sheheryar Khan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6204-4032)
- Nauman Umer
Institutions
- Henan University of Technology (CN)
- Henan University of Engineering (CN)
- Henan Province Water Conservancy Survey and Design Research (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2025-11-03
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22056-5
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Cryptography and Data Security
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.48
Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China