Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Kinnow peel extracts and their antioxidant properties

The green synthesis of nanomaterials has drawn researchers from all over the world over the past few decades in a huge surge of interest. The aim of this research was to use Kinnow peel extract to synthesize titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner. This method seeks to improve antioxidant qualities while using fewer hazardous chemicals in the production of NPs. Using ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, the formation of crystalline TiO₂ NPs was first verified by a distinctive absorbance peak at 235 nm. Further characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant potentials of the green-synthesized TiO₂ NPs were evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. The results demonstrated potent free radical scavenging activity, comparable to ascorbic acid, a well-known standard antioxidant. These findings suggest that TiO₂ NPs possess effective antioxidant properties and highlighting Kinnow peel extract as an eco-friendly sustainable and alternative to conventional synthesis routes. Moreover, the study indicate that the green-synthesized TiO₂ NPs could serve a promising candidate to replace the conventional antioxidant drugs, such as ascorbic acid.