Exploiting Two‐Photon Lithography, Deposition, and Processing to Realize Complex 3D Magnetic Nanostructures
Abstract The integration of two‐photon lithography (TPL) with magnetic material processing has opened transformative avenues for designing and realizing 3D functional nanomagnetic systems. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how TPL can be leveraged to fabricate 3D architectures that harness magnetism. The fundamental physics of TPL is examined, and recent advances in voxel engineering, resolution, and throughput are reviewed. Emerging strategies for magnetic functionalization, including physical vapor deposition, electrodeposition, conformal coating, and direct writing of magnetic nanostructures and composites, are thoroughly examined in the context of the functional material systems they enable. Applications in 3D nanomagnetism, such as artificial spin ices for neuromorphics, magnetic racetracks, and magnetic microrobots, are highlighted to demonstrate the versatility of TPL‐based fabrication platforms. Finally, a forward‐looking perspective is provided, which provides future research directions and associated challenges, including the integration of antiferromagnets, spin‐caloritronic materials, and altermagnets, as well as the development of neuromorphic magnetic architectures. In doing so, TPL is positioned as an essential method in the development of technologies based upon next‐generation 3D functional magnetic materials.
Authors
- Sam Ladak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0275-0927)
- Claire Donnelly (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-2419)
- Joseph Askey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-4221)
- Arjen van den Berg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4977-6259)
- S. Gomez Fernandez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3064-9834)
- Dirk Grunder
Institutions
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- ALBA Synchrotron (Spain) (ES)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids (DE)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Cardiff University (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Published
- 2025-11-03
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202516383
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Nonlinear Optical Materials Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.67
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Leverhulme Trust
- European Commission
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación