Archaeometallurgical analysis of early Qin bronze thin sheets from Shaanxi China

This research conducted a comprehensive scientific analysis of early Spring and Autumn period bronze thin sheets (coffin decorations) excavated from the Weijiaya site in Shaanxi, China, a significant archaeological site for early Qin culture. By employing microscopic observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) mapping, metallurgical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM‒EDS), this study investigated the corrosion patterns, metallurgical structures and alloy compositions of these bronzes. Our findings indicate that the bronze thin sheets were forged from low-tin bronze, with tin contents ranging from 5.71% to 14.01%. Predominant corrosion products include cassiterite, cerussite, malachite, cuprite and tenorite. Comparisons with contemporary bronzes from Henan, Shannxi, Shanxi, Hubei and Gansu reveal both similarities and regional differences in manufacturing techniques, highlighting early Qin’s technological advancements and cultural exchanges. This research provides new insights into early Qin culture and ancient Chinese bronze metallurgy.