Organic Fluorescent Probes in Cancer Theranostics: From Molecular Engineering to Multifunctional Integration

Abstract Precision diagnosis and treatment of cancer are challenged by insufficient sensitivity and the absence of multi‐modal collaborative therapies. Organic fluorescent probes, with their tunable optical properties and multifunctional integration capabilities, offer innovative solutions for integrated cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, the functional principles and optimization strategies for multimodal diagnosis and treatment are systematically elucidated, revealing the core mechanisms that reconcile the inherent conflict between imaging and therapeutic functionalities through light‐regulation processes. This review comprehensively discusses cutting‐edge strategies for the design and application of organic fluorescent probes, systematically outlining molecular design approaches and functional integration applications. The characteristics and optimization directions of traditional fluorescent probes and novel AIEgens are critically examined, while also highlighting the unique advantages of metal‐coupled probes and conjugated oligo‐electrolytes. In summary, a comprehensive overview of the functional integration and molecular design of organic fluorescent probes for cancer optical diagnosis and treatment is provided, aiming to advance the development and evolution of next‐generation cancer diagnostic and therapeutic tools.