Tree Height and the Asymptotic Mean of the Colijn–Plazzotta Rank of Unlabeled Binary Rooted Trees

The Colijn-Plazzotta ranking is a bijective encoding of the unlabeled binary rooted trees with positive integers. We show that the rank f(t) of a tree t is closely related to its height h, the maximal path length from a leaf to the root. We consider the rank <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of a random n-leaf tree <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> under each of three models: (i) uniformly random unlabeled unordered binary rooted trees, or unlabeled topologies; (ii) uniformly random leaf-labeled binary trees, or labeled topologies under the uniform model; and (iii) random binary search trees, or labeled topologies under the Yule-Harding model. Relying on the close relationship between tree rank and tree height, we obtain results concerning the asymptotic properties of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In particular, we find <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:msqrt><mml:mrow><mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for uniformly random unlabeled ordered binary rooted trees and uniformly random leaf-labeled binary trees, and for a constant <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.31107</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> for leaf-labeled binary trees under the Yule-Harding model. We show that the mean of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> itself under the three models is largely determined by the rank <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> of the highest-ranked tree-the caterpillar-obtaining an asymptotic relationship with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> is a model-specific function of n. The results resolve open problems, providing a new class of results on an encoding useful in mathematical phylogenetics.

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Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
Published
2025-11-03
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-025-01538-7
Primary Topic
Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
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article
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article

Tree Height and the Asymptotic Mean of the Colijn–Plazzotta Rank of Unlabeled Binary Rooted Trees

Noah A. Rosenberg, Stephan M. Wagner, Luc Devroye, Michael R. Doboli
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
article

Tree Height and the Asymptotic Mean of the Colijn–Plazzotta Rank of Unlabeled Binary Rooted Trees

Noah A. Rosenberg, Stephan M. Wagner, Luc Devroye, Michael R. Doboli
article en

Abstract

The Colijn-Plazzotta ranking is a bijective encoding of the unlabeled binary rooted trees with positive integers. We show that the rank f(t) of a tree t is closely related to its height h, the maximal path length from a leaf to the root. We consider the rank <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of a random n-leaf tree <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> under each of three models: (i) uniformly random unlabeled unordered binary rooted trees, or unlabeled topologies; (ii) uniformly random leaf-labeled binary trees, or labeled topologies under the uniform model; and (iii) random binary search trees, or labeled topologies under the Yule-Harding model. Relying on the close relationship between tree rank and tree height, we obtain results concerning the asymptotic properties of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In particular, we find <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:msqrt><mml:mrow><mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for uniformly random unlabeled ordered binary rooted trees and uniformly random leaf-labeled binary trees, and for a constant <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.31107</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>log</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> for leaf-labeled binary trees under the Yule-Harding model. We show that the mean of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> itself under the three models is largely determined by the rank <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> of the highest-ranked tree-the caterpillar-obtaining an asymptotic relationship with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:msub><mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub> </mml:math> is a model-specific function of n. The results resolve open problems, providing a new class of results on an encoding useful in mathematical phylogenetics.

Bulletin of Mathematical BiologyVol. 87(12)
Uppsala University (SE), Graz University of Technology (AT), Stanford Medicine (US), McGill University (CA), Stanford University (US)
National Science Foundation, Vetenskapsrådet, National Institutes of Health, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Openalex Percentile: Top 61%
Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
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