Comprehensive methodology for standardized ecotoxicological assessment of TiO2-based sunscreen leachates in aquatic environment
Toxic effects (EC<sub>50</sub>s) were only found in microalgae and crustaceans exposed to TiO<sub>2</sub> active ingredients. No toxicity occurred with sunscreens formulations, although significant algal growth inhibition was determined, likely due to TiO<sub>2</sub> size rather than Ti concentration. By integrating a sunscreen leachate based methodology with a multi-species and multi-endpoint approach, this study introduces a novel ecosafety-oriented assessment of TiO<sub>2</sub> providing realistic ecotoxicological evidence relevant to freshwater and marine environments.
Authors
- Matteo Zanotti Russo
- Enrico Lertora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6097-3184)
- T. Cai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5761-8019)
- Roberta Miroglio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4012-0217)
- Marco Faimali (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-3555)
- Chiara Gambardella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6667-9242)
- Francesca Garaventa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5076-6344)
- Francesca Tardanico
- Giulia De Negri Atanasio
- Verónica Piazza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0142-6057)
- Cristian Capelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-9084)
- Lorenzo Dondero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6562-4359)
- Fabio Ghioni
- Elena Grasselli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4439-4059)
- Federica Robino
- Elisabetta Perata
- Roberta Nugnes
- Dalia Gobbato
- Norina Marciani
Institutions
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale del Piemonte (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (IT)
- Istituto De Angeli (Italy) (IT)
- National Research Council (IT)
- University of Genoa (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Frontiers in Toxicology
- Published
- 2025-11-03
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1686954
- Primary Topic
- Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00