Roles of folate, vitamin B ₁₂ and vitamin D in older individuals with frailty

Frailty is an ageing-related syndrome of physiological decline, heightening vulnerability and increasing risk of adverse health outcomes. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in vitamins B₉, B₁₂ and D, are prevalent among the elderly owing to physiological changes and reduced food intake. Research suggests a correlation between low levels of these vitamins and an elevated risk of frailty. Vitamin B₉, crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division, shows potential in frailty prevention, although evidence regarding supplementation remains inconclusive. Similarly, vitamin B₁₂, essential for nerve function and red blood cell formation, presents conflicting findings regarding its impact on frailty prevention. Vitamin D, essential for bone health and muscle function, is linked to frailty risk, yet studies on the efficacy of supplementation yielded mixed results. The mechanisms involving these vitamins, including their roles in DNA methylation and inflammation regulation, highlight the need for further research to clarify their direct impact on frailty prevention. Maintaining optimal levels of vitamins B₉, B₁₂ and D may reduce frailty, but older individuals need a complete approach that includes proper nutrition, physical activity and other preventive measures.