3D Modelling as an Effective Way to Visualize the Archaeological Monument with the Sequential Changes: A Case Study on the Itakhola Mound Temple

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) modelling is an efficient technique for preserving visual archaeological legacy by offering chronological evidence of architectural alterations. This research used a mixed-methods approach to explore the Itakhola Mound Temple, particularly its five phases, as a notable archaeological site in the Lalmai-Mainamati Hill region of the Cumilla district, Bangladesh. All the available evidence and field observations suggest that the highest reconstruction phase is situated above the other four phases. Consequently, only the fifth phase is observable, as opposed to the others. To render all phases visibly, the solid 3D model has been generated utilizing several software tools, for example, Autodesk AutoCAD, 3D Studio Max, and Adobe Photoshop. These elucidated the chronological architectural modifications of the temple and the likely reasons for these alterations. This research elucidates the rationale for choosing solid modelling over photogrammetry or laser scanning methods, as well as the alterations in measurement over several phases. This study emphasizes the significance of virtual preservation, specifically concerning temple architecture only, rather than environmental elements. This demonstrates that 3D solid modelling functions as a sustainable digital approach for the virtual preservation and representation of archaeological monuments, thereby aiding future investigations and conservation efforts.