Long-Term Effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing on Childhood Trauma: A Cross-National Meta-analysis of Adult Well-Being

Childhood trauma is linked to long-term psychological issues; however, the sustained effects of trauma-focused therapies remain unclear. This meta-analysis evaluated the immediate and follow-up effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) among individuals with childhood trauma. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, 12 studies with 852 participants were included. Subgroup analyses evaluated geographic location, delivery modes, and intervention characteristics, including session duration and frequency. EMDR substantially reduced trauma symptoms (standardized mean difference = −1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−2.72, −0.58]), with benefits maintained at follow-up (standardized mean difference = −1.65, 95% CI [−2.72, −0.58]). Despite high heterogeneity ( I 2 > 90%), results were robust in sensitivity analyses. Metaregressions and subgroup analyses revealed limited sources of variability. Egger’s test and trim-and-fill analysis indicated no publication bias. These findings support EMDR as an effective and durable intervention for trauma in youth, although further randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up are needed to confirm these effects.