Cybersecurity in Maritime Transport Systems: Threats, Trends, and Countermeasures in the Last Decade

The increasing digitization and automation of maritime transport systems have introduced significant cybersecurity challenges across both vessel-based and port-based infrastructures. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current cyber threat landscape affecting the maritime domain, examining key vulnerabilities in modern maritime systems, including navigation, communication, and cargo handling technologies. It outlines recent trends such as the emergence of autonomous shipping and evaluates their implications for cybersecurity. A detailed classification of cyber threats—ranking from ransomware and phishing to advanced persistent threats and denial-of-service attacks—is presented alongside real-world case studies that illustrate the technical complexity and operational impact of cyber incidents. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the main risk factors contributing to cyber vulnerabilities in the maritime sector. Building on this, it explores state-of-the-art strategies and technologies aimed at mitigating these threats, including intrusion detection systems, blockchain applications, cybersecurity training protocols, and international regulatory efforts. The study concludes with key recommendations for strengthening cyber resilience in maritime operations, emphasizing a proactive and multilayered approach to securing this critical global infrastructure.