Survey on Intentional Interference Techniques of GNSS Signals and Radio Links between Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Ground Control Station

With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, UAVs are gaining increasing importance in civilian, industrial, and military applications. UAVs are used for environmental monitoring, medical deliveries, emergency response, and reconnaissance missions. However, their widespread use also introduces new security challenges, driving the advancement of counter-unmanned aerial systems (C-UASs). This paper provides a comprehensive review of intentional interference techniques targeting the radio links between UAVs and ground control stations, as well as global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals, which are essential for autonomous and remote-controlled UAV one operations. The paper examines the radio frequency spectrum utilized by UAVs and characterizes their typical radio emissions. It presents a detailed classification of jamming methods, ranging from conventional noise jamming to advanced intelligent jamming and spoofing techniques. Furthermore, it explores a wide range of spoofing attacks against GNSS receivers, including replay attacks, signal forgery, estimation-based spoofing, and cooperative advanced methods. Each technique is analyzed in terms of implementation complexity and operational effectiveness. In addition, the paper highlights commercial C-UAS solutions, showcasing practical approaches to UAV mitigation through targeted signal disruption. This review offers an in-depth overview of current threats and defense technologies, serving as a foundation for future research on adaptive and selective UAV neutralization methods.