Integration of ethno-modelling and 3N: An innovative digital worksheet framework to enhance students' mathematical critical thinking skills

Technological developments require teachers to innovate, including the digitalization of Student Worksheets (LKPD) to facilitate joyful, meaningful learning for students. The urgency of this study stems from the need for flexible digital teaching tools (online and offline) and for easy access to information. This study aims to develop a Digital Worksheet model based on Ethno-Modelling and 3N (Niteni, Nirokke, Nambahi). This development research uses the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) and draws on subjects from two provinces (D.I. Yogyakarta and West Java) representing seven districts/cities. Small tests were given to 20 students from the Greater Bandung area and 25 students from the D.I. Yogyakarta province. Field tests were conducted with 179 students across seven schools in the D.I. Yogyakarta and West Java provinces. The results of the study indicate that the digital worksheet based on Ethno-Modelling and 3N developed is valid and can be used without revision, with a combined percentage of 93.33%. The results of a small test based on student responses (90.40%) indicate that the digital worksheet design based on Ethno-Modelling and 3N (EM3N) received strong responses, making it very practical to use. The results of the field test show that the achievement of mathematical critical thinking skills among students who learn using digital worksheets has a very large effect size, as measured by Cohen's d (d > 0.80). This finding provides a positive impact that digital worksheets designed based on the integration of ethno-modelling and 3N (EM3N) that align learning with the cultural context can strengthen curriculum concepts and enhance students' mathematical critical thinking skills.