Outage Rates and Failure Removal Times for Power Lines and Transformers

The dynamic development of distributed sources (mainly RES) contributes to the emergence of, among others, balance and overload problems. For this reason, many RES do not receive conditions for connection to the power grid in Poland. Operators sometimes extend permits based on the possibility of periodic power reduction in RES in the event of the problems mentioned above. Before making a decision, investors, for economic reasons, need information on the probability of annual power reduction in their potential installation. Analyses that allow one to determine such a probability require knowledge of the reliability indicators of transmission lines and transformers, as well as failure removal times. The article analyses the available literature on the annual risk of outages of these elements and methods to determine the appropriate reliability indicators. Example calculations were performed for two networks (test and real). The values of indicators and times that can be used in practice were indicated. The unique contribution of this article lies not only in the comprehensive comparison of current, relevant transmission line and transformer reliability analysis methods but also in developing the first reliability indices for the Polish power system in more than 30 years. It is based on the relationships presented in the article and their comparison with results reported in the international literature.