Association Between Organizational Bullying, Moral Distress, and Disengagement Among Emergency Department Nurses in Ilam Hospitals: A Cross Sectional Study

The findings indicate that organizational bullying significantly influences moral distress and moral disengagement among nurses, highlighting the need for targeted management strategies. Nursing leaders should implement strict antibullying policies, foster ethical decision-making through training programs, and provide psychological support systems to reduce moral distress. Additionally, mentoring younger and less experienced nurses, particularly those in public hospitals and emergency departments, can help mitigate disengagement. Creating a culture of accountability, promoting ethical leadership, and ensuring open communication will enhance job satisfaction and improve patient care outcomes.