Digital literacy training and entrepreneurial performance: The role of human resource development and intention to leave

This study examines the mediating role of human resource development (HRD) in the relationship between digital literacy training (DLT), entrepreneurial performance (EP), and intention to leave (IL) within the millennial job center program. It focuses on Indonesian millennials in the startup sector, where digital competency and workforce retention are key challenges. Despite the benefits of DLT, high turnover rates persist in startups. This study explores whether HRD strengthens the impact of DLT on EP and mitigates IL. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), this study analyzes data from 137 Indonesian startup interns. The results indicate that DLT can drive HRD and EP, while its effect on IL is moderate. In addition, HRD does not influence IL, and it moderately mediates DLT's effect on EP but not on IL. DLT is insufficient to reduce IL, highlighting the need for HRD strategies that enhance engagement and career development. Targeted training programs should be designed to improve EP and ensure workforce retention in startups.