Microencapsulation of <i>Agave cupreata</i> Extract by Spray Drying: Physicochemical Properties and Antibacterial and Antiulcerogenic Activities

The <i>Agave cupreata</i> leaves are the main crop residues generated by the mezcal industry. It is known that agave leaves are potential sources of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory compounds that could be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, the valorization of crop residues and maximal utilization of this material are of major research interest in the development of environmentally and sustainably produced products. In this study, the aqueous extract was microencapsulated (MCAC) from <i>Agave cupreata</i> leaves in order to evaluate its physicochemical properties, stability, and antibacterial and antiulcerogenic activity. The results showed that MCAC exhibited a spherical shape, concavities, and a rough surface. The phytochemical profile showed that MCAC presented flavonoids, terpenes, and saponins. Optimal storage conditions at 35°C for MCAC were determined from adsorption isotherms. The integrity of MCAC was observed up to a water activity of 0.436. The results of the antibacterial activity demonstrated a growth inhibitory effect of PAC and MCAC on Gram-negative bacteria at a concentration of 32 mg mL^-1. In animal experiments, compared with the negative control (absolute ethanol), MCAC and PAC powders exerted a protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, with protection rates of 34.45% and 92.24%, respectively. The results suggest that the powder obtained in the present study may be useful as a food additive and/or as an ingredient of pharmaceutical drugs.