Poultry consumption and sustainability: Assessing economic, trade, and climatic impacts across diverse income economies

Poultry consumption has increased significantly throughout the world, driven by shifts in economic, trade and dietary factors. This study explores the impact of per capita gross domestic product, trade openness, average surface temperature, beef, pork, sheep, goat, and other meat consumption on poultry consumption in the top 10 countries from each income group. Secondary data for 40 countries were incorporated from Our World in Data, from 2000 to 2021. The Panel regression technique was conducted, which applied Pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effect, and random effect models. The findings indicated that per capita gross domestic product and average surface temperature significantly impact poultry consumption. In contrast, trade openness and sheep and goat consumption significantly negatively impact all 40 countries. In high-income countries, trade openness, average surface temperature, and pork consumption have a positive effect, while other meat consumption negatively impacts poultry consumption. Average surface temperature has shown a notable positive impact, whereas trade openness negatively impacts poultry consumption in upper-middle-income countries. Pork consumption has shown a considerable positive impact in lower-middle and low-income countries.