Single-atom catalysts for next-generation energy storage and conversion

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have become a transformative class of electrocatalysts, offering maximum atomic utilization and precisely defined active sites that bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Their potential in enabling efficient and sustainable energy technologies has attracted intense global interest. To provide a holistic perspective, this review combines bibliometric analysis with a critical examination of synthesis strategies and energy-related applications. The bibliometric study maps publication growth, citation impact, and the contributions of leading authors, institutions, and countries, thereby revealing key research hotspots and collaboration patterns. Complementing this, the technical sections assess advances in SAC fabrication methods, including atomic layer deposition, pyrolysis, hydrothermal, and electrochemical approaches, and the role of diverse host supports in stabilizing isolated atoms. Applications are discussed in two domains: energy conversion (HER, ORR, CO₂RR, and fuel cells) and energy storage (metal–oxygen and lithium–sulfur batteries), with emphasis on activity, selectivity, and stability. Finally, the review highlights critical challenges and outlines opportunities for scaling SACs toward practical, next-generation energy systems.