Bootstrap tests for almost goodness-of-fit
Abstract We introduce the almost goodness-of-fit test, a procedure to assess whether a (parametric) model provides a good representation of the probability distribution generating the observed sample. Specifically, given a distribution function F and a parametric family $$\mathcal {G}=\{ G(\varvec{\theta }): \varvec{\theta } \in \Theta \}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Θ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , we consider the testing problem $$ H_0: \Vert F - G(\varvec{\theta }_F) \Vert _p \ge \epsilon \quad \text {vs} \quad H_1: \Vert F - G(\varvec{\theta }_F) \Vert _p < \epsilon , $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mo>‖</mml:mo> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>‖</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ϵ</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>vs</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>‖</mml:mo> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>‖</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ϵ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> where $$\epsilon >0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ϵ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a margin of error and $$G(\varvec{\theta }_F)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> denotes a representative of F within the parametric class. The approximate model is determined via an M-estimator of the parameters. The methodology also quantifies the percentage improvement of the proposed model relative to a non-informative (constant) benchmark. The test statistic is the $$\textrm{L}^p$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> -distance between the empirical distribution function and that of the estimated model. We present two consistent, easy-to-implement, and flexible bootstrap schemes to carry out the test. The performance of the proposal is illustrated through simulation studies and analysis and real-data applications.
Authors
- Javier Cárcamo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3978-4266)
- Amparo Baı́llo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-3992)
Institutions
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Statistics and Computing
- Published
- 2025-10-31
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-025-10762-z
- Primary Topic
- Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Ministère de la Santé
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention