<b>Molecular characterization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N4) virus isolated from domestic chickens in Iraq during the 2015 HPAI H5N1 outbreak</b>

This study concludes that H5N4 was co-detected during an H5N1 outbreak, indicating the concurrent circulation of multiple influenza A virus subtypes in poultry. Multiple strain genotypes of the influenza virus A could cause a co-infection in domestic chickens, particularly during a pandemic. Incorporating DNA sequencing and annotation into routine surveillance is essential for accurate detection of strain genotype.