First serological evidence and risk factor analysis of Neospora caninum and Besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle and sheep from three regions of Saudi Arabia

This study provides the first comprehensive evidence of <i>N. caninum</i> and <i>B. besnoiti</i> infections in cattle and sheep in KSA, underscoring their potential economic and reproductive implications. These findings highlight the need for improved biosecurity, control of vector exposure, and regulation of animal movement to mitigate transmission. Future studies should include molecular confirmation and broader geographical coverage to clarify transmission dynamics and genetic diversity of these parasites.