Impact of tourism development on green infrastructures of ecosystem in Zayandeh Rud River tourism destinations: a spatial and temporal analysis

Tourism development significantly impacts natural ecosystems, particularly the green infrastructure of ecotourism resources. The Zayandeh Rud River, a vital ecotourism destination, has undergone substantial environmental changes due to increasing tourist activity. This study examines the effects of tourism on the river’s surrounding green infrastructure, focusing on land-use changes and spatial patterns. Using a quantitative survey approach, data were collected from residents and tourists in urban and rural settlements along the river. The findings reveal that tourism has profoundly influenced green infrastructure, primarily through land-use conversion from agriculture to service-oriented functions. This shift has led to deforestation, increased waste, loss of gardens, unauthorized well drilling, degradation of native plant species, and diminished aesthetic and ecological values. Spatial analysis using Moran’s Index (− 0.277) and associated metrics (z-score = − 0.753, p-value = 0.451) indicates a random distribution of green infrastructure, suggesting no significant clustering or dispersion patterns. This randomness implies localized influences, such as microclimate variability or historical land-use practices, rather than systematic spatial drivers. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) further highlights the role of settlement proximity, showing that green infrastructure declines as distance from the river increases. Urban and rural areas closer to the river exert stronger impacts, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies. Stakeholder surveys emphasize that unplanned tourism expansion has worsened green conditions, with respondents attributing degradation to inadequate management frameworks. To mitigate these effects, the study recommends site-specific conservation measures and coordinated stakeholder engagement, including tourism planners, local communities, and environmental agencies. By addressing both spatial and socio-economic factors, sustainable tourism development can be achieved, preserving the ecological integrity of the Zayandeh Rud River while supporting its role as a key recreational and cultural resource.