The Clarity Ledger for Evaluation and Applied Research Reporting (CLEAR-R)

Abstract This research note presents the original development of the 11-item Clarity Ledger for Evaluation and Applied Research Reporting (CLEAR-R), a tool created to improve transparency and consistency in applied research reporting. The creation of CLEAR-R was prompted by a systematic review, now published elsewhere, of applied social science research reports. During this review, we identified that the clarity and transparency of the research reports was insufficient to allow consistent application of any existing quality or risk of bias tools to the sample. Additionally, the frequent use of mixed-methods research in applied studies necessitates a tool capable of appraising diverse methodological approaches. Therefore, the CLEAR-R is designed to support two levels of evidence appraisal and use. First, it helps lay readers assess the transparency of applied research reports. Second, it enables academic researchers to determine whether a report provides enough detail to support a formal appraisal of quality or bias. Through this, we also aim to encourage better reporting practices and promote greater transparency among authors. The following research note documents the rationale, development, and testing of the CLEAR-R.