Women’s Inclusion in Political Decision Making in Malawi: Determinants, Barriers, and Pathways

Abstract Malawi’s constitution enforces gender equality and prohibits gender-based discrimination, with the government aiming for 50 percent female representation in political decision-making. Despite ratifying international frameworks such as CEDAW and the SADC Gender Protocol, women in Malawi experience significant barriers to political participation and leadership. This article investigates the factors affecting women’s participation in decision-making within the political sphere by employing a qualitative methodology that includes purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews with policymakers, a literature review, and thematic analysis of the data. The results highlight entrenched structural obstacles, including patriarchal norms that restrict women to domestic responsibilities, economic challenges that hinder campaign efforts, and institutional biases that undermine the effectiveness of gender quotas. In past elections (1994–2019), few candidates were women, highlighting the impact of financial dependency and male-dominated political networks on candidate selection and resource allocation. The findings emphasize that socio-cultural norms hinder mentorship for female leaders, which is exacerbated by biases from informal networks. Initiatives such as the 50:50 Campaign aim to raise awareness, but they face challenges in securing short-term funding and limited support. The Gender Equality Act’s 40 percent quota is not strictly enforced, and electoral laws do not address gender issues, with traditional leaders frequently opposing women’s political ambitions, reinforcing patriarchal values. The study advocates for targeted interventions to enhance women’s political empowerment in Malawi, supporting equitable political participation and effective governance. It emphasizes the need for Malawi to implement gender equality laws and establish transparent quotas in public sectors, as outlined in regional and international frameworks.