Land Tenure and Agrarian Justice in Indonesian Special Economic Zones: A Juridical-Empirical Study Using Regulatory Impact Assessment Approach

<ns3:p>Background Land tenure inequality and the risk of land grabbing are persistent challenges in Indonesia, particularly within Special Economic Zones (SEZs). While SEZs are designed to attract investment and foster economic growth, they frequently lead to large-scale land acquisitions that can compromise the rights and livelihoods of local communities. Methods This study investigates the juridical-empirical aspects of land tenure within three Indonesian SEZs: Lido, Tanjung Lesung, and Mandalika. A qualitative approach was adopted, utilizing a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) framework. Data collection involved document analysis, community surveys, and in-depth interviews with two respondents to gather both legal perspectives and lived experiences. Results The findings reveal that land tenure practices within SEZs exacerbate the risks of land grabbing, undermine customary land rights, and offer limited economic advantages, particularly concerning the absorption of local labor. Conclusion Addressing these critical issues necessitates enhanced legal protection, transparent land registration processes, robust community participation, and empowerment strategies. These measures should ensure that investment incentives are aligned with principles of fairness and sustainability. By framing agrarian justice as a core analytical lens, this research proposes a model for more equitable land governance within Indonesian SEZs and beyond.</ns3:p>