Spare Parts and Material Management in Electric Vehicle Maintenance: A Multidisciplinary Review

Maintenance and management of spare parts for electric vehicles requires a specific approach due to high-voltage components, technological complexity, and limited availability of specialized parts. Key challenges include optimizing inventory, monitoring the life of battery systems, ensuring compatibility of parts across different vehicle models, and organizing efficient procurement, storage, and distribution. Of particular importance are safety protocols when working with high voltages, the use of specialized technical and protective materials, and environmentally friendly waste management and battery recycling. Digital solutions, including ERP and CMMS systems, IoT sensors, remote diagnostics, and predictive analytics based on artificial intelligence, enable better maintenance planning, cost reduction, and increased vehicle reliability. The paper provides an analysis of the technical, safety, environmental, and economic aspects of electric vehicle maintenance, with an emphasis on the digitalization and optimization of logistics processes. Based on the analysis, recommendations are proposed for improving the maintenance system, including the integration of advanced technologies, process standardization, and strengthening the education of service personnel. In addition, the paper identifies key research questions and outlines directions for future research—particularly in areas such as the digital integration of spare parts logistics, the environmental impact of material uses and disposal, and the role of artificial intelligence in predictive maintenance strategies. The findings suggest that the greatest improvement potential lies in combining predictive maintenance, sustainable practices, and operational cost reduction, thereby contributing to the long-term reliability and competitiveness of electric mobility.