From Classical Ferroelectricity to Emerging Low‐Dimensional Phases

Abstract Ferroelectric materials have historically enabled breakthroughs in a wide range of technologies due to their intrinsic spontaneous polarization and electrically switchable states. While classical oxide perovskites, such as BaTiO 3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 laid the foundational understanding of ferroelectric phenomena, recent years have witnessed remarkable progress with the discovery of novel classes of ferroelectrics, including hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites, binary oxides such as HfO 2 , and 2D mono and dichalcogenide materials. These emerging low‐dimensional ferroelectrics not only extend the fundamental understanding of polar phenomena but also promise revolutionary device applications in nanoelectronics, photovoltaics, and quantum technologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview, starting from classical polarization mechanisms rooted in phonon instabilities and lattice distortions, and progresses to recently identified ferroelectric phenomena in materials like doped HfO 2 and 2D van der Waals crystals In 2 Se, (Sn,Ge)(S,Se), and (Mo,W,Ta)(S,Se) 2 . Special attention is given to novel polarization switching mechanisms, domain‐wall dynamics, and the coupling between ferroelectricity, topology, and valley physics. The implications of quantum confinement, reduced dimensionality, and structural metastability in these emerging systems are discussed in detail, outlining how these unique properties open new frontiers for future ferroelectric research and technology development.