Natural history in practice: rethinking ideals in Behavioral Ecology

Abstract Scientific progress has slowed in recent decades, likely due to a decline in innovative and high-impact ideas. In Behavioral Ecology, careful observation and natural history provide the foundation for hypothesis generation and for addressing Tinbergen's 4 questions in a meaningful way. Yet, the current academic system prioritizes publication quantity over quality, creating strong pressure—especially for early-career researchers—to meet metrics rather than pursue originality. For those working at smaller institutions or in under-resourced countries, even basic practices such as sustained field observation can become logistically or institutionally unfeasible. In this commentary, I outline the main challenges—structural, financial, educational, personal, sociopolitical, and systemic biases—that hinder the integration of observation and natural history into behavioral research. I also propose practical strategies to help researchers reintroduce these essential practices into their work, despite adverse conditions.