Modeling the intonation profile of a recorder

Musical acoustics continues to face challenges in supporting the design of wind instruments.For side-hole instruments such as the recorder, a primary difficulty lies in predicting the absolute pitch for a given fingering.To address this, we propose an approach based on the concept of the intonation profile, which represents the relative pitch deviations between fingerings across the instrument's range.This profile is predicted from the geometric data of the bore and tone holes using acoustical models that combine impedance simulations, sound synthesis, and linear stability analysis.The predicted intonation profiles are validated through both impedance measurements and experimental tests using an artificial mouth.They exhibit low sensitivity to variations in model parameters.This robust predictive framework thus enables a quantitative assessment of how geometric parameters affect recorder intonation.