The use of splits and flakes as blanks for debitage or shaping: examples from the late Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of Southern France

Our study investigates the use of flakes and splits as matrices (i.e., blanks) for debitage or shaping in the context of (mainly) cobble-based lithic assemblages from the late Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in southern France. Here, we present our findings from seven lithic assemblages comprising two main strategies: the ramification of chaînes opératoires, where flakes from primary production are repurposed, and integrative strategies, where blanks such as flakes or splits are specifically produced for further debitage. Through the comparative analysis of lithic assemblages, we evaluate the technical and economic implications of raw material morphology, local availability, and site-specific adaptations.Our results highlight the diverse applications of flake and split matrices, for example, in Discoid and Levallois debitage methods, as well as their use in shaping Large Cutting Tools. Additionally, this research highlights the adaptability of bipolar-on-anvil methods in processing pebbles and cobbles with specific shapes and morphologies. The findings contribute to broader discussions on technological innovation, resource management, and hominin behaviours during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic.