Study of multifunctional controlled separation performance of PVDF/EAA/MXene nanofiltration membranes for the treatment of dyeing wastewater

To efficiently treat dyeing wastewater, this study adopted an innovative method to prepare MXene nanocomposite nanofiltration membranes, with a focus on investigating the performance of the PVDF/EAA/MXene nanofiltration (C-3) composite membrane treated <i>via</i> interfacial polymerization. The results indicated that the C-3 membrane possesses both excellent surface properties and separation performance: its pure water permeability reaches 27.36 L m^-2 h^-1, the rejection rate for bovine serum albumin (BSA) is 94.23%, and the rejection rates for Congo red and methylene blue dyes are as high as 99.43% and 99.81%, respectively. Meanwhile, the membrane exhibits outstanding anti-fouling capability, with a flux recovery rate (FRR) of 88.5% and a total fouling rate (DR_t) of 19.21%. Furthermore, long-term stability tests (conducted 10 times repeatedly over 10 days) showed that the membrane demonstrates excellent filtration performance and stability in retaining BSA, Congo red, and methylene blue.