A comprehensive life cycle roadmap for net-zero built environment in the MENA region

Purpose This study aims to develop a comprehensive life-cycle roadmap for implementing net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) and net-zero carbon buildings (NZCBs) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It identifies the main drivers and barriers influencing the uptake of NZ concepts across all building life-cycle stages and assesses how these affect efforts to decarbonise the built environment. Design/methodology/approach This study employed a structured multi-stage review strategy to explore current knowledge and gaps around NZEB and NZCB implementation in the MENA region. Relevant literature was identified through Scopus and Web of Science using a combination of backward and forward citation tracking, guided by five thematic domains: net-zero concepts, global WGBC roadmaps, building life-cycle stages and MENA-focused studies. The findings were then synthesised to identify key regional challenges, decision variables and enabling conditions, following the principles of the PRISMA framework. Findings The study highlights five critical life-cycle stages: design, construction, operation, end-of-life and reuse – each presenting distinct challenges and opportunities for NZCB implementation. Common barriers in the MENA region include fragmented policy, limited funding, insufficient awareness and socio-technical constraints. The research proposes a context-sensitive roadmap tailored to the MENA region, integrating international best practices with a localised challenge-driver matrix to guide future strategies. Research limitations/implications The roadmap serves as a strategic guide for stakeholders – architects, planners, policymakers and developers – seeking to promote sustainable, low-carbon construction in the MENA region. It offers a foundation for shaping regulatory frameworks, investment priorities and interdisciplinary collaboration. Originality/value This is the first study to present a comprehensive, life-cycle–based roadmap for implementing NZEB and NZCB concepts in the MENA region. It bridges global decarbonisation frameworks with regional considerations, providing actionable insights to accelerate the transition towards a net-zero built environment.