Development of energy performance benchmarks and seasonal heating performance ratings for residential apartments in a Mediterranean climate

Purpose This study evaluates energy efficiency and seasonal heating performance in residential apartments within a Mediterranean climate, focusing on Dura Residential Apartments in Palestine. It establishes energy performance benchmarks and heating energy ratings to enhance efficiency, reduce consumption and improve thermal comfort. Design/methodology/approach A survey-based analysis determined the energy use intensity (EUI) of the studied apartments. Two benchmark models were developed using simulations tailored to local conditions. The study assessed four heating scenarios, including space heaters and air conditioning systems, based on survey data and Palestinian Green Buildings Guidelines (PGBG) standards, focusing on heating system usage and building envelopes. Findings The study provides localised insights into heating energy efficiency. The developed models and benchmarks guide future efficiency improvements. Additionally, the energy efficiency index (EEI) for heating offers a scalable method for performance ratings, which can be updated as new data emerge. While designed for a local context, the model can be adapted for broader applications globally. Research limitations/implications The study focuses on a specific building typology and a single case study in Palestine, limiting generalisability. Future research should explore different geographic contexts and additional building typologies. Practical implications The findings support energy efficiency measures in residential apartments, contributing to policy development and energy performance standards. The benchmarks and ratings can be applied in similar climates and similar contexts, promoting energy conservation. Social implications Improving energy efficiency in residential buildings can reduce heating costs, particularly benefiting low-income households and mitigating energy poverty. It also enhances indoor thermal comfort, promotes public health and reduces reliance on pollutive heating sources. Increased awareness fosters community engagement in sustainable practices, benefiting both individual households and society. Originality/value This study contributes to the field of energy efficiency by providing a structured methodology for establishing heating performance benchmarks in residential buildings in contexts where the conventional frameworks cannot be applied. The uniqueness of this research lies in its development of a contextual benchmarking model based on real-world data from a Mediterranean Context (Dura), considering climatic characteristics, socioeconomic factors and construction typologies not commonly explored in global frameworks. It offers valuable insights for policymakers, engineers and researchers aiming to optimise energy consumption and improve sustainability in the built environment.