The Role of Radiotherapy in Myeloid Sarcoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A Case Report and Review of the Literature Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare tumor characterized by the extramedullary proliferation of immature granulocytic cells.It can occur as a primary disease or as a manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia, with an incidence of three to five percent in patients diagnosed with the condition.This report presents a thirty-seven-year-old female patient with acute monoblastic leukemia (French-American-British classification, subtype M5) who achieved complete remission after induction therapy, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.Six-teen months after achieving remission, the patient experienced a relapse in the pituitary gland, which was initially misdiagnosed as a pituitary adenoma.Following gross total surgical resection, the diagnosis of MS was confirmed.Adjuvant craniospinal radiotherapy and systemic therapy with azacitidine and venetoclax led to sustained remission without further complications.This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of MS, particularly in its rare presentation involving the pituitary gland.Radiotherapy, in combination with systemic treatment, played a crucial role in the management of this relapse.The findings emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing rare cases of MS to optimize patient outcomes.