Thermal-Dynamic Behavior of Porous Concrete Plates for Sports Arenas Reinforced with GOP-RC Skins

This study presents an analytical model to investigate the coupled thermal–dynamic behavior of three-layer sandwich plates designed for large-span sports arenas. The plates consist of a porous functionally graded concrete (FGC) core and graphene oxide powder-reinforced composite (GOP-RC) skins. The formulation is based on the sinusoidal shear deformation theory (SSDT) and solved analytically using Navier’s method, ensuring exact satisfaction of simply supported boundary conditions. The model incorporates porosity effects, GOP dispersion profiles, thermal gradients, and elastic foundation stiffness to capture realistic structural performance. Results reveal that increasing porosity and temperature gradients significantly influence the natural frequencies through combined mass reduction and stiffness variation. The inclusion of GOP markedly enhances thermal stability and bending rigidity, with frequency gains up to 150% under optimal dispersion patterns. Moreover, symmetric pore and reinforcement distributions, thicker facesheets, and Pasternak foundations yield superior vibrational performance. The proposed formulation provides a practical and efficient framework for the design of lightweight, thermally stable, and vibration–resistant concrete panels suitable for modern sports facilities and other large-span structural applications.