Characterization and optimization of 3D-printed denture-based photopolymer composite: reinforcement with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has revolutionized dentistry, offering the dual benefits of time-saving and cost-saving procedures while enhancing precision. The mechanical and surface properties of 3D-printed resin materials, however, depend on several printing parameters. This study is focused on optimizing the mechanical and surface properties of 3D-printed dentures using titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in photopolymer denture resin and layer thickness and exposure time. Denture specimens were made using DLP 3D printing according to Taguchi L[Formula: see text] design, which led to optimization results that were further subjected to gray relational analysis (GRA), flexural strength, impact resistance, hardness, and surface roughness evaluations. Results led to the identification of TiO2 nanoparticles as the most important influencing factor and then by layer thickness. Finally, exposure time did not show a significant influence. Optimal properties were obtained at a reinforcement of 0.5% TiO2, a layer thickness value of 0.02[Formula: see text]mm, and an exposure time equal to 8 s. These parameters resulted in an increase of flexural strength by 18%, impact resistance by 14%, and hardness by 10%, and surface roughness decreased by 38%. Thus, the study demonstrated ways in which parameter optimization and nanoparticle reinforcement can be used to improve denture materials that are 3D-printed.