Cognitive load scale for AI-assisted L2 writing: scale development and validation

This study developed and validated the Cognitive Load Scale for AI-assisted L2 Writing (CL-AI-L2W), an instrument designed to measure the unique cognitive demands of human-AI collaborative writing. As generative AI becomes integral to second language (L2) composition, understanding its impact on cognitive processes is critical. Using a mixed-methods approach grounded in cognitive writing theory and human-AI interaction research, an initial item pool was refined through expert feedback and interviews. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (<i>N</i> = 241) on a 35-item draft scale revealed a four-factor structure. A subsequent Confirmatory Factor Analysis (<i>N</i> = 305) confirmed this structure with excellent model fit. The final 18-item scale measures four distinct dimensions of cognitive load: (1) Prompt Management, (2) Critical Evaluation, (3) Integrative Synthesis, and (4) Authorial Core Processing. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency and strong criterion-related validity through significant correlations with writing anxiety, self-efficacy, and perceived mental effort. As the first validated instrument of its kind, the CL-AI-L2W offers a crucial tool for advancing writing theory and informing pedagogy in AI-enhanced learning environments.