Effects of Wildfire Smoke Inhalation on Respiratory Health

Wildfires have become increasingly frequent and severe, releasing large amounts of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and toxic gases that pose serious threats to respiratory health. This review summarizes current clinical evidence on the respiratory effects of wildfire smoke exposure, focusing on both short-term effects-such as respiratory symptoms, infections, and increased emergency department visits-and long-term consequences, including declines in pulmonary function and elevated mortality. The review highlights vulnerable populations-including pregnant individuals, infants, children, older adults, individuals with asthma or COPD, and firefighters, who experience disproportionate risks. It also compares the toxicity of wildfire-derived PM_2.5 to other pollution sources and identifies differences in clinical impact. Evidence-based protective strategies are discussed, including respiratory protection, behavioral interventions, and health care provider preparedness. Finally, the review identifies gaps in the current literature and emphasizes the need for longitudinal studies to evaluate chronic outcomes and improve public health responses to future wildfire events.