Polyacrylamide and Polyacrylamide/Polysaccharide Hydrogels for Well Water Shutoff in High-Temperature Reservoirs

Polyacrylamide and polyacrylamide/polysaccharide hydrogels exhibiting high structural and mechanical properties, along with acceptable gelation times and gelant viscosity, are proposed for water shutoff applications in high-temperature reservoirs. The obtained polyacrylamide gels demonstrate an elastic modulus 1.6-2.7 times higher than that of the baseline polyacrylamide-resorcinol-paraform-sulfamic acid gel (17.2 Pa), reaching up to 46.3 Pa, while the polyacrylamide/polysaccharide gels surpass it by a factor of 2.3-5.2, reaching up to 89.9 Pa. The gelation time of the polyacrylamide/polysaccharide gels ranges from 3 to 7 h, with the gelant viscosity varying from 685 to 2098 mPa·s at a shear rate of 100 s^-1. Crosslinking of polyacrylamide with polysaccharides was achieved using paraform. Using the gel based on crosslinked polyacrylamide with xanthan as an example, spectral methods characterized the copolymer constituting the basis of the plugging material. Our analysis established that crosslinking occurs between the amide group of polyacrylamide and the hydroxyl group of the polysaccharide. Model reactions with low-molecular-weight analogs (glucose, acetamide, and formaldehyde), coupled with mass spectrometric confirmation of the structure of the resulting products, revealed possible reaction pathways. The crosslinking of polyacrylamide was investigated using a broad range of polysaccharides of plant and microbiological origin. The resulting series of hydrogels, possessing the suite of properties required for water shutoff in high-temperature formations, will enable oil companies (operators) and service firms to select a specific gel-forming system based on project objectives, logistics, and budget constraints.